SUPERSTRUCTURE STRESS LIMITS (METRIC)

 

STRESS LIMITS










CONSTRUCTION STAGES:STRUCTURAL RESPONSE:




STRESS LIMITS (CONCRETE):





COMPRESSIVE LIMITS OF CONCRETE:


STRESS LIMITS: PRESTRESSING STEEL







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CAMBER

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  Cold cambering is the most common method used in fabrication shops to induce camber in a steel member, as it is a simpler and more cost-effective method than heat cambering.  This method uses a mechanically induced force to achieve the desired curvature. The member (I – beam) is placed in a device called a cambering machine that is often built by the fabricator but is also commercially available. The cambering machine consists of two restrained pivots, one near each end of the beam and one or two hydraulic jacks near the middle of the beam.  The jacks apply a force to induce camber into the member. After placing the member at the restrained end pivots, the rams of the hydraulic jack or jacks are advanced to apply stress into the member past it’s yield point to produce a permanent deflection. When the rams are retracted, the residual deformation remains.  The beam may need to be moved back and forth to actuate the jacking forces at different locations along the leng...
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